African literature has been disregarded as serious literature in the past because: Original African systems of recording information in symbols include the ______ script, of the Ekpe society of the Ejagham of Cameroon and Nigeria. It has a variety of different characters and is indigenous to areas of Southeastern Nigeria and . For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Law and order in Efik society was maintained via a number of secret societies. the exhibition explores the long- The Efik people occupy the basins of the Lower Cross River, down to southwestern Cameroon including Bakassi, the Calabar River and down to its streams - the Kwa River, Akpayafe (Akpa Ikang) and the Eniong Creek. Initiated into ekpe society at 9 as was done in those days and now not even a word is mentioned each time you talk about ekpe in manyu. [76] Uffp (native gin) is distilled from palm wine and is sometimes mixed with the bark of Edat to increase the alcoholic content. . After the tapping process, the wine is left to ferment for five hours. Simple theme. Free masons were originally an ancient Egyptian fraternity of builders, with Imhotep, as their founder and chief sculptor. The article was a not-so-deep exploration of indigenous African writing systems and languages. The Ekale Dancers from South-West Cameroon - YouTube This created a need for Ekpe DC to have a full Ayamba Nkanda (Nkanda Chief). Ukara: Ritual Cloth of the Ekpe Secret Society | Hood Museum Explain. Members are bound by oath of secrecy, and fees on entrance are payable. In his well researched thesis titled "Ekpe Imperium in South Eastern Nigeria", Anwana (2002) identified a plenitude of evidences to validate the Ejagham/Ekoi origins of the Ekpe society. cherryblossom wrote on watzinaname's profile. Collection of Eli Bentor. . [9][38] The Adiabo group is believed to have left to their present location after the Mbiabo exodus. Further Perspectives on Kifwebe Masquerades - MIT Press Other narratives at the Hart's enquiry do not make mention of the Efut. Written March 01, 2015 by Web Services Editor, Guarini School of Graduate & Advanced Studies, Copyright 2023 Trustees of Dartmouth College. 16, 2014 3 likes 6,498 views Download Now Download to read offline Education Spiritual Technology A short description of the ancient Ekpe Masquerade and its cultural and spiritual significance, in the life of the people of the Cross River basin. Instead, each settlement had its own lodge of the . (1985). Due to the number of unfortunate incidents at Ikpa Ene and Ndodoghi, the Efik sought to leave these islands. The Osirica is a black Egyptian masonic order that existed in ancient Egypt. At Ughoton, to the southwest of Benin, a different type of mask is used, in the cult. LEFT Ekpe cage during Ikot Ekpe ritual in 2009. Speaking at the ceremony, the head of Ekpe of Afap village, Seseku Daniel Laluh said with Prof Ayuk's commitment in the village, the Ekpe society thought it necessary to confer him the Seseku. Due to the role they played during the era of the triangular trade, their prominence in literature and art, there has been a lot of academic scholarship on the people. [61] These papers were signed by the reigning monarchs of Creek town and Duke town who were Eyo Honesty II and Eyamba V.[61] King Eyamba and King Eyo had written letters to the British requesting that they bring in teachers to teach them trade and commerce and missionaries to aid them to know more about God. I'm a queer mom and my daughter has decided to attend an anti-gay Bible college. [9] The Efik have also been referred to as "Calabar people" in historical literature. One-word searches work best.Use AND to require multiple terms: LEFT Small ukara with minute patterned design and Omu Aro symbol. Brooklyn Museum [38] The Efik bard Adiaha Etim Anua recites in her 1910 ballad that "Mkpana Ndodoghi Edik. ekpe society cameroon - workex.jobs The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the BenueCongo subfamily of the Niger-Congo language group. Photo by Eli Bentor. Laws were passed to halt several practices regarded as unchristian. [26] At Uruan, they were ruled by a number of priest-kings Ndidem. [23][24], The Oriental original is most popular among indigenous Efik historians such as E.U. Their king on the eastern Calabar coast was known as Ating Anua Efiom. The Efik also manufacture a number of beverages such as Mmn Efik (Palm wine), Uffp (Native gin), Lemon grass tea (Nnyannyaa), Mmn Eyop (Eyop wine). As Sidney Kasfir has pointed to (in reference to the Ekpe society in southeastern Nigeria and adjoining Cameroon), material, performative, and ritual structures in masking are not fused together but can be used to different ends and can travel different paths ( Kasfir 2019: 15). Afropop Worldwide | Interview: Ivor Miller 2007 With the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, a number of foreign clothes were introduced into Efik society. expectations of the members to prioritize the group over their own families. There are two distinct but related societies. [43] Stephen D. Behrendt and Eric J. Graham revealed in a 2003 publication that by the time the first documented European sailing vessel arrived in 1625, the Efik had already settled at Creek Town and Old Town. The three most popular theories include an Igbo origin, Ibibio origin and Palestinian origin. Bell of King Eyo Honesty II at Creek Town, Ekeng ita (also known as James Henshaw), Obong of Henshaw Town (c.a 1875). Long time we no look Man-of-War as Blount promise one Frenchman come make plenty palaver for slave when we can't get them. The society is now seen as a fraternity along the masonic lines which tries to represent the interest of Efiks. Ekpe society | African secret society | Britannica Ivor Miller - AfroCubaWeb I bought a $140,000 mobile home in a million-dollar LA neighborhood and love it. Today, it is no longer the same Ekpe society of decades ago. Among these laws were the Abolition of twin-killings, abolition of the esere bean ordeal, abolition of human sacrifices and several other practices. [64] It took several years before the town was rebuilt.[64]. The Ekpe is a men's society found in Abiriba, Aro-chukwu, Ohafia and many other Bende communities in Igbo land, it is a variation of the important Egbo Ejagham ( Ekoi) in the Upper Cross-River as well as the Efik Ekpe Society of Calabar. of Bamum, of Cameroon in his kingly attire seated on the throne with his chiefs flanked round him (Plate 2). The origins of these symbols date way before colonization, but, from my understanding, the use of these symbols died out as the influence of Ekpe secret society lessened. [32] Oku adds that the Uruan were adverse to the Efik custom of burying strangers with their dead and did not share in the practice carried out by the Efik. Prior to 1905, Old Calabar was a term used to describe the Efik settlements of Duke Town, Creek Town, Old town, Cobham town, Henshaw town, Adiabo and Mbiabo (consisting of Mbiabo edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong and Mbiabo Ikoneto). Alternate titles: Egbo, Ekpo, Leopard society. You are using an out of date browser. They migrated from Bateka and settled in their current location in flight. The Ekpe Masquerade - SlideShare Due to the rise of Calabar as a commercial centre since the 18th century, Efik settlements experienced a high rate of inward migration consisting of Sierra Leoneans, Lebanese, Cameroonians, Jamaicans and several other communities. The earliest accounts are narrated in the second half of the 19th century by Explorers and missionaries. Oroko people - Wikipedia [44][52] Aye uses Adiaha Etim Anwa's ballad as one of the basis for his hypothesis. [47] Antia Ekot Otong is regarded as one of the descendants of the patriarch Otong Ama Ide. Many families sent their children to European captains to teach them English and the processes involved in the international trade. AHR ~ 125 Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations "Hakuna Matata" (No More Worries) - Integrating Indigenous Systems of Conflict Resolution into the Formal System of Government Administration in Cameroon: Case Study of the Ekpe Society of Manyu Division Stephen O. Agbor, Nova Southeastern University Follow Date of Award 2017 [11] The last three clans had greatly dwindled in number and many of their members are believed to have been miscegenated into other Efik clans. Some of the musical instruments that are important in the culture we have discussed are: the bala (balaphon), a kind of xylophone, and the kora, a gourd harp. I am manyang Mathilda Nkwo of Akiriba village , upperbanyang and I am and still is oneof the oldest living practing manyangero in Manyu. Cross River Cultural Heritage: reports from home and from the African Other trading items sold by the Efik included rubber, ivory, barwood and redwood. Finding links between Africa and the Americas [44] The Ekpe-men are ranked in seven or nine grades, for promotion to each of which fresh initiation ceremonies, fees and oaths are necessary.[1]. Another account from the Qua claimed that Ekpe (Mgbe) migrated from Cameroon. Meat and fish are the major sources of protein in Efik cuisines. The paper critically examined the Ekpe society in its indigenous form and nature prior the advent of Christianity, Western education and Western influence. What I want for dollar side is a fine coat and sword all same I tell you and the rest in copper rods. In modern-day Efik society, nyny is worn on various occasions such as weddings and traditional events. As a child, Sunjata at first looks unpromising because: In one of the most dramatic episodes in the Sunjata Epic, Sunjata first begins to demonstrate his extraordinary abilities when he: avenges an insult to his mother by uprooting a tree and placing it in front of her house. Here is a list of some of Africa's most prominent cults of all time: The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. The cult members are usually violent and self-destructive to the point of committing suicide. and Dahomean towns, and among the tribes of Congo and the Cameroon.17 According to the same author, Ngbe, was another society influenced by the Ekoi and originally considered Egb [Ekp]. Transformation of the kp Masquerade in the African Diaspora Ekpe is a mysterious spirit who is supposed to live in the jungle and to preside at the ceremonies of the society. Ralph Lauren on Twitter [27] A number of reasons have been given on why the Efik left Uruan. [78] Raffia palm clothing (Efik: f Ndam) could also be exported from other communities especially when a community made the best raffia clothing. Ekpe translates to Leopard in the Efik language and is believed to be a spirit that resides in the forest. The Ekpo/Ekpe society is a significant part of the Ibibio political system. [62][63] The first missionaries arrived in 1846. PDF (PDF) Lalimentazione In Ostaggio Le Mani Delle Multinazionali Su Quel [6] The most popular historical accounts of Efik migration attest a movement from Ibom in Arochukwu to Uruan and from Uruan to numerous settlements along the lower Cross river. Ekpe Society Emblem, Ejaham, Cameroon Dog Fetish, Vili, Congo Mlbuya (sickness) mask, Pende, Zaire Nimba Mask, Baga, Guinea Picasso Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Bust of a Woman, 1931 Tte de taureau (Bull's Head), 1942 La chvre (The goat) 1950 Other references James Beale Horton made a similar assertion in 1868 where he asserted that all the communities of the Niger-delta are traced to the Igbo. [49] The Enwang are believed to have ruled Atakpa for a number of years. cherryblossom wrote on WARRIOR's profile. (PDF) Evaluating the Place of the Ekpe Traditional Institution as a Barbot documents that between 1698 and 1699, payments for provisions were made at Calabar to the following chiefs; Duke Aphrom, King Robin, Mettinon, King Ebrero, King John, King Oyo, William King Agbisherea, Robin King Agbisherea, and Old King Robin. . Hugh, Goldie. The Ekpe was vested with the powers of policing and bringing justice to the Efik kingdom. Abakua is an Afro-Cuban mens secret society related to the Ekpe. These missionaries together with King Eyo Honesty II brought several changes to Old Calabar society. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the PDF Read Free Misiva De Sangre Las Cronicas De Tito Valerio Ner Jeffreys states that a disruption among the Okobo around the town of Ekeya in the Eket district led to the founding of Obutong. Read More mask Black Spirituality / Religion - General Discussion, http://odinanilawsofnature.wordpress.com/2010/11/10/finding-god-in-nature/, http://tourismafricana.com/origin-history-ekpe-soceity.html. The Prestigious Ekpe Masquerade of Calabar | ngEmbassy PDF Cuban Abakua Chants: Examining New Linguistic and Historical Evidence . One account narrates that the Mbiabo group left first to their present location while the Iboku, Enwang and other clans were still at Ndodoghi. Cameroon-Nigeria Relations, 1884-1961: A Study in Political, Economic and Social Interactions Between Two Nigerian Neighbouring States. Sisiku Ojong-Orock was born on Saturday October 2nd, 1948 in Ogomoko Village,Eyumojock Sub-Division, Manyu Division in the Republic of Cameroon, West Africa. Ivor Miller: The voice of the leopard is the main symbol of the Ekpe society of the Cross River region ofNigeria and Cameroon, which was re-created in colonial Cuba as the Abaku society. [34] When the Uruan woman realised that Abasi had broken her axe, she insisted that the axe should be repaired. Efik traders played a major role during the era of the Transatlantic slave trade. The Ekoi in Cameroon are found in the South Western region of the count. Osirica brotherhood is the root of all the mason societies, dating back around 2300 B.C. They came from Mbiak Creek in Ibibio country. Flashlight on drama & film : a drama for situation analysis guide The missionaries who arrived in 1846 contributed to the changes in women's attire in Efik society. It was technically part of Nigeria, according to history, which was the reason we had the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). [26] Essien points out that Atakpor Uruan Inyang is one of the Efik deities and asserts that among the Uruan exists the saying "Ke Ndem Efik Iboku, Atakpor ke Ekuk", which can be interpreted to mean "Where there is the Efik deity, there is also Atakpor Uruan to share with it. Jeffreys also stated, "There is reason to believe that a considerable portion of a small Ibibio clan called Ebrutu or Eburutu was the earliest stock of the Efik; for, when the missionaries settled in 1846 at Old Calabar amongst these people for the first time, it was found that they called themselves not Efik but Ebrutu or Ebrutu Efik. A list of some of Africa's most prominent cults and secret societies of all time. This site uses cookies to help personalize content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register. In a Somali tale, the main character, Eghal Shillet, is: a braggart and coward who finds every possible excuse to avoid going into battle. In this light, the Cameroon National Council of Traditional Rulers would be a welcomed . an extraordinarily powerful woman, who can change herself into a buffalo, the proud oldest daughter of a king, who insists on being respected, enraged by her brother's refusal to give her the inheritance she feels she is owed, guilt-ridden for having killed many of her brother's people, and for having pushed her youngest sister too hard and too soon into magical power. Although used exclusively by members of Ekpe, ukara is produced by a sub-group in a village of the Ezillo community in present-day Ebonyi State in the Igbo area in southeastern Nigeria. Colonial Anthropologist M.D.W. Each grade has a chieftain or an Obong. Walt Disney World at 50: The History of Disney's - Disney Matters [32] Aye argues that the Efik could not have taken the royal emblem of the Uruan people as they would have already had their own royal emblem. Several theories have been propounded on the origin of the word. [67] Communities within the Calabar metropolis such as Efut, Kiong and Qua also speak and understand the Efik language. [51] Nsutana was a dreaded island where twins were abandoned to die. Animals such as goats, chicken and dogs are consumed in Efik cuisine. Ekpe masquerade [1], Its members are only men and are played on special occasion. [13] Throughout the centuries, Efik traders traded with the Portuguese, Dutch, English and French. [12], The Efik were noted for their involvement in the slave trade were they acted as slave traders and middlemen between the inland slave traders and the Europeans. And there are definitely more than 10 Ekpe members still around today. Why do you think it is important for us to understand our past? Essentially the leopard is a sign of royalty all over Central West Africa and the Calabar zone, and it's a symbol of their political autonomy. [58] Antera Duke also known as Ntiero Edem Efiom was an Efik trader whose diary reveals several daily activities in Old Calabar between 1785 and 1788. Among the Southern Igbo, the Ekpe society, introduced from the Cross River area, uses contrasting masks to represent the maiden spirit and the elephant spirit, the latter representing ugliness and aggression and the former representing beauty and peacefulness. This is: After his "second birth", Waiyaki is brought to a sacred grove where: After the episode in the sacred grove, Waiyaki disappears from his home to: The two daughters of Joshua, Nyambura and Muthoni, have both been forbidden by their father to: Waiyaki tries to heal the conflict between the two ridges by: Waiyaki fails to achieve his goals because: The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Edge Reading, Writing and Language: Level C, David W. Moore, Deborah Short, Michael W. Smith. Welcome, Love, Peace and Unity in Nsibidi. Define monsoon, Sanskrit, raja, caste system, caste, Hinduism, reincarnation, karma, dharma, yoga, Buddhism, ascetic, nirvana. Ekpe masquerade mimic the form of a lion or leopard moves. They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community. The Ekale and their famous shaking shoulders performing at the "Under the Volcano Festival", Limbe Cameroon. Originally, items such as onions (Oyim mbakara) was rare in Efik meals. Ndibo Yevengo- Abakua & Ekpe events; Cuba-Calabar Radio . Photo by Eli Bentor. This village was originally named Ta Set Maat. [37] The Uruan invasion at Ikpa Ene is believed to be the origin of the Efik saying, "Ama okut Ibibio, ku n enye ika, Idem amasat Ibibio eyewot owo"(English: When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you). [47] At the time of their exit from Creek town, the reigning monarch of Creek town was their half brother Oku Atai Atai Ema Atai. When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you, Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death, Joshua Project Efik of Nigeria Ethnic People Profile, Souvenir Programme of the Coronation Service of His Royal Highness Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V, Obong of Calabar and Paramount Ruler of the Efiks, Abridgement of the minutes of the evidence, "Souvenir programme of the Coronation of Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V", "Cross river as a model for the evolution of Benue-Congo nominal class/concord systems", https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092842/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/pa-effiong-ukpong-aye-1918-2012/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efik_people&oldid=1131332439, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 January 2023, at 17:46. These artists sew the white cloths with raffia thread so that parts of the ukara (in a pattern of nsibidi symbols) will not be exposed during the dyeing process. During weddings, the bride wears at least two different nyny. I am a young researcher who have a great love for forest conservation, community . [81] through the Illuminati Iwas able to become rich, and have many industry on myown and become famous and popular in my country , todayme and my family is living happily and I am the mosthappiest man here is the opportunity for you to join theIlluminati and become rich and famous in life and be likeother people and you life we be change totally.If you areinterested in joining the great brotherhood Illuminati.thencontact him +2348106618681 or for more information +1(705)8062021 email:illuminatibrotherpowerful@gmail.com or you need my assistance email:danjerry04@gmail.com Shame to the Manyu people and great men o Manyu, that you as enlightened as I know will willfully distort a tradition that back dates as long as 400 to 800hundred. This exhibition, on view from April 18 to August 2, was organized by the Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College, and generously supported by the William B. Jaffe and Evelyn A. [30][31] Another reason given by Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku asserts that the Uruan accused the Efik of wizardry and of being responsible for the frequent seizure of their children by crocodiles. the Ekpe society. [79] Ikpaya a royal type of gown also made from raffia. It was found in operation among a tribe down the coast towards Camaroons, but was improved and extended in its new field of operations.[60]. Ibibio - People in southern Nigeria - Native Breed.org Ekpe members request nsibidi designs of personal or communal significance. [46] On their exit from Obutong, they are believed to have sought the permission of Oku Atai to use the Ntinya. Cuban Abaku Chants: Examining New Linguistic and Historical Evidence [61] Due to the fall in global demand for slaves and several other factors, the kings and chiefs of Old Calabar wrote to the British requesting that they send teachers and missionaries to Old Calabar to establish industries and introduce the religion of the white man to them. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as Probably about 8000 BC one group reached Nigeria by an overland route and settled at Ibom (Arochuku) there they erected the famous shrine now known as the Long Juju of Arochuku. kp had four major roles in pre-colonial life. Prior to the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, the Efik had experienced a series of migration before their arrival along the coasts of Old Calabar. [47], By the seventeenth century, more Efik settlements had been founded. Goldie describes Eburutu as a country that consists of various ethnic groups. After the Efik had settled at Ikpa Ene, a party of men from Uruan arrived at Ikpa Ene. The island is believed to be named after a fisherman from Mbiabo known as Ene Ankot. Lawino says that her husband's house is a "dark forest of _______________________". NSUWorks - Nova Southeastern University Institutional Repository One theory states that the Efik and Uruan had separate religious customs and the Efik refused to worship the Uruan deity Atakpor Uruan Inyang. [52] The Captains wrote the acting consul who was stationed at Fernando Po. It is uncertain the specific year that the Efik arrived Creek Town. identity. The papers include photographs, audio and video recordings, publications, correspondence and printed material primarily relating to Miller's study of the linguistic, musical and ritual influence of West African kp society (predominantly in Nigeria and Cameroon) on . ,sister Watz. In addition to ritual propitiation of forest spirits to ensure the well-being of the community, this graded secret male society made and enforced laws by fines, capital punishment, or boycotts; judged cases; maintained internal peace; and served as the executive. Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. National Museum of African American History and Culture. Plenty sugar cane live here and if some man must come for teach book proper, and make all men saby God like white man, and then we go on for same fashion. The Ogboni is a fraternity indigenous to Nigeria, Benin and Togo. Here's a look inside. Efik society consists of various clans which were originally known as "Esien Efik itiaba" (English: Seven clans of Efik) and later known in the 21st century as "Esien Efik Duopeba" (English: Twelve clans of Efik). . The nsibidi may convey meaning either singularly or in groups, and each sign may be figurative, geometric, or abstract, or may represent a physical object, concept, or narrative. [48] Jeffreys theory is unpopular with a large majority of the Efik. [37] A captured invader confessed that they were set to retrieve royal emblems which they believed the Efik had taken with them when they left Uruan. Imhotep was a revered personality as he was believed to be with super powers of healing and influencing people and affairs of the community. The Ekpe Society is a religious and cultural institution among the Efik people, it can also be found among the Annang and the Ibibios. [19], The Ibibio origin of the Efik is one of the most popular among scholars. Ekpe Efik was used as a government instrument in Bakassi in exercising authority for more than 200 years ago [4]. This theory asserts that the Efik migrated from Palestine or somewhere close to Palestine. There are said to be at least three mass migration from Ndodoghi. Voice of the Leopard: African Secret Societies and Cuba - AfroCubaWeb The remains will then be taken to Kepelle Village in Cameroon for burial after that. two young foreign men to whom she gives the power to defeat her. The Ekpe society, the regulatory society in Manyu Division also fixed a heavy fine on any defaulter. AFRICA | 101 Last Tribes - Ekoi people