The regime was toppled in January 1979, and Pol Pot died in April 1998, on the eve of his being handed over to international justice. Other factors promoting state-formation were increased trade among African communities and with European and Arab traders on the coasts, technological innovations in economic activity, and new techniques in the political-spiritual ritualisation of royalty as the source of national strength and health. The mechanics of the Holocaust are now so universally understood that nothing can be added here. Further east, Bantu-speaking communities had reached the great Central African rainforest, and by 500BC, pioneering groups had emerged into the savannas to the south, in what are now the Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Zambia. But the Zulu race itself was not innocent of genocide. Bantu Genocide View source Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300-600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages. A minor tribe or clan was attacked and utterly obliterated, with only those able to fight or breed spared, to then be assimilated into the Zulu race. He says that Mali wasn't a civilisation in one video, yet in another video, he says that Mali was an empire. the bantu empire - two millenia of black supremacy, conquest, genocide, rape, war & colonisation! This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake region; fourth, the colonization south-wards, north-westwards and north-eastwards from this extended nucleus. In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. The Khoisan and Pygmies live in Southern and Central Africa, respectively. In this way, a chain reaction of violence and predation began that lasted from about 1815 to 1840. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. [19] Many Batwa groups speak Bantu languages; however, a considerable portion of their vocabulary is not Bantu in origin. In addition to their stature, they also differ in blood type from their Bantu- and Sudanic-speaking agriculturalist neighbours, and they are probably the earliest . Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. The hypothesized Bantu expansion pushed out or assimilated the hunter-forager proto-Khoisan, who had formerly inhabited Southern Africa. 10010, with the primary authorities cited on p. 176. They suffered a genocide, at the hands of europeans and bantu peoples. Michael C. Campbell and Sarah A. Tishkoff, "The Evolution of Human Genetic and Phenotypic Variation in Africa,", "Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages", "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans", "On the edge of Bantu expansions: MtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola", "Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: Insights into the history of NigerCongo groups", "Phylogeographic analysis of the Bantu language expansion supports a rainforest route", "Early migrations into East Africa | Enzi", "Inferring the Demographic History of African Farmers and Pygmy HunterGatherers Using a Multilocus Resequencing Data Set", "Cultural phylogeography of the Bantu Languages of sub-Saharan Africa", "Bringing together linguistic and genetic evidence to test the Bantu expansion", "Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals", "Bantu Language Trees Reflect the Spread of Farming across Sub-Saharan Africa: A Maximum-Parsimony Analysis", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bantu_expansion&oldid=1142078895, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2022, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2015, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 11:21. See below. Another legendary state derivative of the Bantu Expansion is the Zulu Empire. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. The phenomenon was known as the Mfecane, or Difaqane, or the Scattering. The question is rather whether Muslim nationalists were to blame for demanding a two-state solution, whether Hindu nationalists were to blame for allowing it, or whether the British were to blame for leaving India knowing that genocide was inevitable. Probably in the minds of a few individuals who had the power to stop it, it was, but as a systematic government policy, perhaps not. [42][43], Manfred K. H. Eggert stated that "the current archaeological record in the Central African rainforest is extremely spotty and consequently far from convincing so as to be taken as a reflection of a steady influx of Bantu speakers into the forest, let alone movement on a larger scale."[44]. The migrants settled in three primary areas. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. To feed the growing industrial centers of the Soviet Union, the entire grain harvest of 1933 was confiscated, leaving local peasant populations with almost nothing to feed themselves. Quite as the Turkish government and people reject outright the definition of the Armenian deportation as genocide, so the British government also regard the Great Irish Famine of 1845-1852. Linguistic, archeological and genetic evidence indicates that during the course of the Bantu expansion, "independent waves of migration of western African and East African Bantu-speakers into southern Africa occurred. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. and were massacred in great numbers by Dutch, British, and German settlers in acts of genocide (e.g. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. If it was not Continue Reading 26 18 Matt Jennings Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Our Bantu speaking ancestors also . Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. Thus they will have a small pool of their specific Y-DNA just by the numbers. Get your weekly fill of History Articles and Quizzes. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. [22], Nilo-Saharan-speaking herder populations comprised a third group of the area's pre-Bantu expansion inhabitants.[23][24][25]. Archaeological, linguistic, genetic, and environmental evidence all support the conclusion that the Bantu expansion was a significant human migration. Masaman : The Bantu Expansion | Somali Spot | Forum, News, Videos View all Google Scholar citations From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. The Bantu first originated around the Benue-Cross rivers area in southeastern Nigeria and spread over Africa to the Zambia area. The so called Bantu expansion or migration is highly suspect. The Bantu Expansion stands for the concurrent dispersal of Bantu languages and Bantu-speaking people from an ancestral homeland situated in the Grassfields region in the borderland between current-day Nigeria and Cameroon. 32 Photographs of Porajmos, the World War II Romani Gypsy Genocide, Heartbreaking Images of the Rwandan Genocide, Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. Bantu Expansion | Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History Replies claiming this is white supremacist to somehow study history are just ad hominem attacks mostly. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. Early critics argued this phenomenon was a result of language spread rather than the migration of Bantu-speaking people, but genetic evidence has proved otherwise. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. This resulted in an attempt to systematically eliminate the large Christian Armenian minority. Bambuti | Pygmy groups | Britannica The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. Armenian Deportees in 1915 Source inserbia.info. You do not currently have access to this chapter. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. Starving Herero Tribesmen Source: Wikimedia. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. For over 5,000 years the Eastern, Southeastern, and the Midwestern U.S. were populated by mound-building, Native American cultures that constructed anywhere from tens of thousands, to hundreds of thousands of earthen mounds. The Nazi extermination of the Jews, on the other hand, was strictly ideological and remained so until its conclusion. The dominance of Bantu-speaking people is evident in their movement and control over the areas they encountered. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. The Bantu Migration/Expansion was a complex event thus the interactions between the Bantu and non-Bantu were also complex. This is a man that claims to debunk history yet, all does is whine and bitch about black people in his videos. No it is a white supremacist talking point that doesn't make a lot of sense. The tell-tale sign is the lack of non-bantu Y-DNA left in the area and the MtDNA still surviving, which means they killed the men and "took" the women. The BenueCongo branch includes the Bantu languages, which are found throughout Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa. No, it's not. Vaguely the idea was to purify the races under German control, and create thus a race-worthy of European domination. [27] In other places, Bantu language expansion, like many other languages, has been documented with population genetic evidence to have occurred by means other than complete or predominant population replacement (e.g. Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. As usual, the argument is one of semantics. In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. Typical grifter contradictions. Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa. No such policy was implemented in 1845, and as such, the famine has been described as artificial, and attributable to a deliberate policy of punishing a stubborn and difficult constituent territory of the Kingdom. Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of - PNAS Beginning around 1500BCE, members of the proto-Bantu language group migrated eastward and southward from West Africa, crossing vast swathes of the continent over hundreds of years. [32][33] By the first century BC, Bantu speaking communities in the great lakes region developed iron forging techniques that enabled them to produce carbon steel. In all probability, however, this was genocide, because it could not have been done without the expectation that death on a mass scale would be the result. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. After a hundred years, the genocide slowly continued, forced to servitude. It has been proposed that this is the remnant of an independent western Batwa (Mbenga or "Baaka") language.[20]. In this campaign, the mighty Zulu nation made one last, desperate effort to throw off the colonial yoke. [41] Other inland centres established during this phase of expansion include Bigo bya Mugenyi in Uganda, Thimlich Ohinga in Kenya and the Kweneng' Ruins in South Africa. They are from Western Africa and East African countries like Tanzania. The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. Cities were emptied out, and anyone conforming to this broad definition of the enemy was consigned to labor camps in the countryside. Oliver and Mathew, op. Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. Granted, there was defo some conflict between the Bantu and Hunter-Gatherers (as well Nilotic and Cushitic pastoralists) but that doesn't mean there was a genocide. cit. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. This was an Iron Age Colonization; therefore it Cannot have been earlier in time than the spread of the Iron Age in Indonesia around the first century A.D. Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840. This further reinforced a popular anti-West, anti-US movement in Cambodia, on the back of which, in April 1975, Pol Pot led the Khmer Rouge to victory. The origin or homeland of this process is generally believed to be near the border of Nigeria and Cameroon. The Mfecane. I'd imagine it's the same way. I forgot which one, but it was some South African ethnic group that was slaughtered in huge numbers by the Dutch. View your signed in personal account and access account management features. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. It's not white supremacist to study history. Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan. During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, an estimated one million people, largely Tutsi, were killed. Because he's literate And using reason to research DNA and other recorded information. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. Under the rule of both Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, numerous document examples of unnatural mass deaths have been recorded. Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. The dissolute prince of a minor tribe, playing fast and loose, raped and impregnated the daughter of a neighboring tribal chieftain. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. Like hes a supposedly a historian but I see no mention of him going to a university. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. It seems likely that the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people from their core region in West Africa began around 40003500BC. However, Simon Webb/History Debunked is a bad faith actor, he cherry picks a lot of his info and he's clearly spreading false history. The early stages of migration were slow. Other academic opinion tends to point to a typically dogmatic refusal on the part of the British government to acknowledge a failed policy. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. Regarding (1), the chapter argues that the Bantu Expansion did involve the actual migration of Bantu speakers but that backward and forward migration occurred after the initial spread and that Bantu languages also expanded through adoption by autochthonous hunter-gatherers. In his Twitter profile he had academic historian but doesnt have a PhD. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-ttbxf Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. But the Bantu farmers didn't swiftly drive hunter-gatherers to oblivion. The Urewe culture dominated the Great Lakes region between 650BC and 550BC. These were, and are the Bantu and the Koi-koi, or Khoisan. Of course not. In 1966, Roland Oliver published an article presenting these correlations as a reasonable hypothesis.[17]. In both these stages the Bantu expansion seems to have coincided fairly closely with the spread of the Iron Age; and, if the spread of the Iron Age through the area north of the southern woodlands can now be traced in something like the detail which we already have for Zambia and Rhodesia, the mystery of the Bantu expansion will have been largely unravelled. The date is contested, but most historians agree the Bantu Expansion began around 1500BCE. Yeah, Bantu expanded around 1500 years or so and did a little genociding of the Khoisans and pygmies in the area. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. In South Africa, however, a more complex intermixing could have taken place.[31]. [16] The majority of the groups of the Bamenda highlands (occupied for 2 millennia to date), somewhat south and contiguous with the Mambilla region, have an ancient history of descent from the north in the direction of the Mambilla region. A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. 21128. In this campaign, the mighty Zulu nation made one last, desperate effort to throw off the colonial yoke. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. Over 14 million people were displaced along religious lines, and between 1-2 million people lost their lives. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. The Extinct "Ghost Modern" Race of Africa and the Bantu Expansion Genocide It was of limited practical use to them, bearing in mind that it almost entirely comprised desert, but it was essential in the cut and thrust of competition, in particular with the British, in the race for European global expansion. Your email address will not be published. India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan.