Law review articles on tribal enrollment are indexed in the NILL library catalog. var addy2812f17dc6aec1b4f76cd1942ecd3057 = 'ssynett' + '@'; 2605 N West Bay Shore DrivePeshawbestown, MI 49682 - 9275, Phone (231) 534-7101 | Fax (231) 534-7715, Grand Traverse Band ofOttawa and Chippewa Indians, 2605 N. West Bay Shore Dr.Peshawbestown, MI 49682, Emergency Numbers (when offices are closed), Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, Resolution No. and membership. aIBruk#mOx3>1!V22f+.F_#0HST_S~&lM]\pbjI'I@s RCvA^!Q]Rq(\Acrxn? We cant all go out and get in the canoe and harvest the wild rice. What Percentage Indian Do You Have to Be in Order to Be a Member of a Tribe or Nation, Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Financial Assistance and Social Services, Guide to Tracing Your American Indian Ancestry, Formal Opinion No. He has a bachelors degree in Criminology & Law Studies from Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 2. The motion was made and passed. See our guide to Tracing Your American Indian Roots for tips on genealogy research. Anishnaabek Community and Family Services, Explanation of Release of Information Form. Appointment of the Enrollment Director. hTmk0+A/,J VhhB;(eh;%d X{s'UL0iU3)Any3-$__!'?LrEM/%Bz=?_7[~-L;`~ Unauthorized use is prohibited. Minnesota Chippewa Tribe members will be asked in June whether the tribe's blood quantum enrollment requirement should be removed, and if its six member nations should determine their own. Information presented on this website and the registered trademarks, service marks, wordmarks, and logos of the Native Nations Institute and the University of Arizona may not be reproduced without express written permission. If you are traveling to our office from out of town, always call ahead of time to ensure we will be open during your visit to Sault Ste. St. Croix Chippewa Tribal Disenrollment Headed to Wisconsin Court . Members of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe (MCT) will decide this summer on a number of tribal enrollment issues, including blood quantum requirements that could play a significant role in future membership and the overall population of the six-nation tribe. Lyndon Desjarlais, Superintendent 701.477.3191, Membership in the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa requires a one-quarter blood quantum of Indian Blood. Indian tribes are sovereign and set their own rules regarding tribal enrollment A population of 5,815 reside on the main reservation and another 2,516 reside on off-reservation trust land (as of the 2000 census). We sincerely look forward to assisting you in any way we can. A motion was passed officially beginning the process of amending the MCT Constitution to allow each MCT Band to adopt their own enrollment eligibility criteria. Admissions and Registrar | sagchip.edu Tribal enrollment criteria are set forth in tribal constitutions, articles of incorporation or ordinances. This Clinic, Native Nations Institute Main SiteConstitutions Resource CenterSign Up Log In. From the protests at Standing Rock and the rise of the American Indian Movement (AIM), to the ongoing epidemic of Murdered and Missing Indigenous People (MMIP) and the past-due reckoning related to assimilation, cultural genocide and Indian Boarding Schools. Minnesota Chippewa Tribe Votes to Remove Blood Quantum from Enrollment The requirement has had the effect of shrinking the tribe's enrollment, with many children not considered members despite parents who are. No. For more general information on rights of Native Americans, see the book The Rights of Indians and Tribes by Stephen Pevar (Oxford University Press, 2012. Enrollment | First Nations Development Institute (This is due to federal law, and not the beliefs or traditions of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians.). I Council Rep Kenneth.Malaterre@tmbci.org Ron Trottier, Sr. Secretary Treasurer / Dist. Marie Tribe as a full bonifide member. This website's content is the opinion of the specific author, not statements of advice, opinion, or information from The University of Arizona, and contains links to third party sites. The Enrollment Building is located on the Sault Ste. A non-binding referendum means that the outcome of this vote will not bind the Minnesota Chippewa Tribes Executive Committee to taking any particular action at this time, said Melanie Benjamin, Chief Executive of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe on May 3. 23 January 2023. 1345 Good, Dallas Ext. http://www.nativeamericacalling.com/wednesday-may-6-2015-tribal Matthew Fletcher: Defining Citizenship: Blood Quantum vs. Descendancy, Members Only? DULUTH, Minn. (AP) The Minnesota Chippewa Tribe has voted to remove a decades-old requirement that members have a minimum of 25% Chippewa blood. For many Native communities throughout the High Desert, works of art are imbued with spirit, tied to purpose and intrinsic to thriving communities. PDF Application for Enrollment-MILLE LACS - mlbo.dev Upon request from programs, research to secure past Council actions and resolutions. Membership - Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians DULUTH, Minn. (AP) The Minnesota Chippewa Tribe has voted to remove a decades-old requirement that members have a minimum of 25% Chippewa blood. On November4, 2014, the Tribal Membership Ordinance was amended to allow biological children of full bona fide members under the age of 21 to apply for membership. What are the benefits and drawbacks of basing tribal enrollment on blood quantum? ISBN: 978-0-19-979535-2). %%EOF 5 American Indian Law Journal 102, 125. II Council Rep Ron.Trottier@tmbci.org Currently, the MCT Constitution requires that a persons combined blood quantum from their parents must be at least 25% in order to be eligible for enrollment in an MCT Tribe. First Nations Development Institute offers this list of resources to help you find information about Native American tribal enrollment and genealogy. You may not apply under a grandparent(s), Aunt, Uncle, etc. Darren Thompson (Lac du Flambeau Ojibwe) is a staff reporter for Native News Online who is based in the Twin Cities of Minnesota. During the TEC meeting, a motion was made to begin a process that would allow MCT members to weigh in on whether the Constitution should be changed to allow each of the six Bands to adopt their own enrollment eligibility criteria, instead of being required to follow the 25% blood quantum. (University of Oklahoma Law Library) Gikendaasowin Lac du Flambeau Tribal Education Department, Domestic Abuse Program (Benase Equay Wakaigan), Joe Graveen Shares Wild Rice Wisdom In Windy City, George W. Brown, Jr. Ojibwe Museum and Cultural Center, Lac Du Flambeau Climate Resilience Initiative, Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission, Lac Du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians. Provides The Enrollment Department, which oversees the tribal member enrollment and maintains its database, offers tribal member services: tribal membership cards, tuition waiver certifications, blood quantum certifications, relinquishment requests, enrollment of children, update address changes, assist in the process of obtaining a treaty fishing license, family genealogy, eagle feather permits and form BIA-4432 (indian preference forms). Donate to Native News Online today and support independent Indigenous journalism. RMO{yoZ-SF/eI 2[1 6R?b>?Z\Ifbij $KIIF,mYcQF{?'MsE29N{B95Src'YA4DAf@4x2thO}_meh9AOX(](t1gxjz=?6t_0W+<>O~v{x{m_\~skp^]9eu6 The platform is designed to engage citizens and government leaders in a discussion about what needs improvement across the country. Law review articles and other resources on disenrollment are indexed in the NILL library catalog. Chippewa Cree Tribal Enrollment Certification - contact the Chippewa Cree Tribal Enrollment Office (406) 395-5238 for the Certification of Indian Blood or tribal ID. University Information Security and Privacy. There are six Chippewa Bands that comprise the MCT, a federally recognized tribal governmentBois Forte, Fond du Lac, Grand Portage, Leech Lake, Mille Lacs, and the White Earth Band of Ojibwe. It is not a decision-making vote. %PDF-1.6 % General Admission Requirements . Tribal enrollment criteria are set forth in tribal constitutions, articles of incorporation or ordinances. The requirement has had the effect of shrinking the tribe's enrollment, with many children not considered members despite parents who are. 3. This month, we celebrate our 12th year of delivering Native News to readers throughout Indian Country and beyond. Marie Tribe closed to all adults. At the special TEC meeting, called for by MCT President Cathy Chavers (Bois Forte), tribal representatives heard perspectives from the constitutional delegates present and hosted discussion centered around changing enrollment criteria within the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe Constitution. Minnesota Chippewa Tribe citizens vote to remove blood requirement for This email address is being protected from spambots. Provide Tribal Members with information on their enrollment status, "Certification of Membership" or "Blood Quantum Certification" documents upon request. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This book may also be available through your local law library. a specific tribe has, contact the tribe's main office This is a guide to enrollment or membership for Colorado tribes published by the Colorado State Library. As of April 19, 2022, there are 40,913 people enrolled in the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe. Most recently in July 2017, the TEC voted to rescind a resolution which would have set the date for a Secretarial Election on blood quantum reform. For court cases, federal legislation, and news that is relevant to tribal enrollment, search "enrollment" or "membership" in the Indian Law Bulletins. If you are going to run for office you will pick up your candidate packet here. (http://www.nativeamericacalling.com/wednesday-may-6-2015-tribal, accessed May 11, 2015), "Blood Quantum and Sovereignty" is a beginner-level conversation focused on why blood quantum is controversial, as well as how it came to be used as an enrollment and citizenship criteria for Native nations. Please feel free to contact our office during regular business hours or email us at the addresses listed below. These applicants must still be able to trace their ancestry pursuant to Section 11.106 of the Membership Ordinance. Native News Online E-Newsletters Native News Today Native News Health Desk. This will open their freedom.. MINNESOTAOn Wednesday, 7,470 enrolled citizens of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe (MCT) voted in a non-binding referendum on whether to remove or keep the blood quantum requirement to be enrolled in the tribe, and whether the six member tribes of the MCT can determine their own membership requirements individually. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2023 - Leech Lake News. The enrolled tribal parent must fill out an enrollment application and submit a copy of the child's courthouse birth certificate (or state copy). Nearly 64 percent of members of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe (MCT) who voted on a referendum this summer said they would like to see changes on a number of tribal enrollment issues, including blood quantum requirements that could play a significant role in future membership and the overall population of the six-nation tribe. endstream endobj 3 0 obj <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 4 0 obj <>stream Sovereignty Rights - Upholding inherent rights provided by our ancestors by providing enrollment to those who meet qualifications defined in our Constitution and Code. Those opposed to ending the requirement are concerned that accepting more members will use limited federal or casino-generated funds, or that more people taking advantage of treaty rights will make resources scarce. Provides a brief description of the tribal enrollment process. ISBN: 978-0-7355-9975-8) The TEC holds four quarterly meetings each year. The information can then be mailed, e-mailed, faxed or brought to the Enrollment Department. The Tribal Executive Committee (TEC) is composed of the Chairman and Secretary-Treasurer from each of the six member bands. These lists are not comprehensive, so we suggest you search the web for . Fletcher (Wolters Kluwer, 2011. The majority of voters say each reservation Fond du Lac, Mille Lacs, Bois Forte, Grand Portage, White Earth and Leech Lake should be allowed to determine its own enrollment requirements, the Star Tribune reported. HW]oF+z#nR28uqWIM>Y3s< WHy3 &EbdyaIL`/zwD>Fgip\j[{?T?Vd|+e. Tribal Enrollment - Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians The criterion varies from tribe to tribe, so uniform membership requirements do not exist. (Fax Number: 9066321648). var prefix = 'ma' + 'il' + 'to'; 2023 The Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of The University of Arizona. MN Chippewa Tribe Votes to End Blood Requirement for Members. All children of at least one quarter (1/4) degree Minnesota Chippewa Indian blood born after July 3, 1961, to a member, provided that an application for enrollment was or is filed with the Secretary of Tribal Delegates or the Tribal Executive Committee within one year after the date of birth of such children, says the Minnesota Chippewa Tribes Constitution. For more information about enrollment, contact the BIA Enrollment Office at 701-477-6141. endstream endobj 1 0 obj <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 2 0 obj <>stream Marie, MI 49783. Since 1961, membership in the six-nation tribe requires a minimum of 25% Minnesota Chippewa Indian blood, or blood quantum, stemming from 1941 membership rolls kept by the federal government.. If youre in a position to do so, we ask you to consider making a recurring donation of $12 per month to help us remain a force for change in Indian Country and to tell the stories that are so often ignored, erased or overlooked. Following the meeting, the MCT released a memo on their website stating: It is important to be clear with our voters that participating in a referendum vote does not change the constitution. We will assist enrollment into GTB; and, provide help with genealogical inquiries for the purpose of enrollment. Sign up to get our reporting sent straight to your inbox every weekday morning. Edwards said the results put the tribe a step closer to restoring treaty rights to non-enrolled descendants who can hunt, fish and gather only until they turn 18. Following a brief discussion on the language of the resolution, the TEC decided to send the resolution to the MCT Constitution Reform Committee for further revisions before being reconsidered for passage by the Tribal Executive Committee. PDF TITLE 7 TRIBAL ENROLLMENT ORDINANCE 1 - Purpose The recommendation of the Enrollment Office and Tribal Operations Office shall be presented to TEC and any change must be authorized by resolution. Tribal Enrollment Process Tribal Enrollment. The blood quantum requirement has caused the tribe's enrollment to shrink with many children not considered members despite having a parent who is. The Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians (Ojibwe language: Mikinaakwajiw-ininiwag) is a federally recognized Native American tribe of Ojibwe based on the Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation in Belcourt, North Dakota.The tribe has 30,000 enrolled members. (State of Oklahoma) On a daily basis the staff makes updates to a database that manages data on member identification and vital statistics such as addresses and phone numbers. This article, one of several publications provided by Oklahoma Indian Legal Services, was written by Gregg L. Lewis, University of Oklahoma, Native American Studies student. The Minnesota Chippewa Tribe has voted to remove a decades-old requirement that members have a minimum of 25% Chippewa blood. May 6, 2015. The change hasn't yet gone into effect, and questions linger about how enrollment will impact the tribe's connection to the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, as well as its federal status. The Enrollment / Tribal Operations Department is responsible for processing Enrollment applications and presenting them to the Enrollment Committee for review. var prefix = 'ma' + 'il' + 'to'; Determining citizenship: Minnesota Chippewa face historic blood quantum The Superintendent is assisted by a Deputy Superintendent for Trust Services and a Deputy Superintendent for Indian Services in administering trust and non-trust functions for the Turtle Mountain Agency. These applications are evaluated and processed based on the criteria outlined in the Tribal Constitution, Article II and the Enrollment Ordinance, approved by Tribal Council, effective October 2, 2006. The University of Arizona is not responsible for and neither approves nor endorses third party website content. 1 - Duties of Tribal Court Advocate to Ensure Due Process Afforded to All Individuals Targeted for Disenrollment (June 26, 2015). Election duties as assigned by the Tribal Council. Blood quantum vote a pivotal moment for Grand Portage, Minnesota Chippewa B. var path = 'hr' + 'ef' + '='; var addy_text2812f17dc6aec1b4f76cd1942ecd3057 = 'ssynett' + '@' + 'saulttribe' + '.' + 'net';document.getElementById('cloak2812f17dc6aec1b4f76cd1942ecd3057').innerHTML += ''+addy_text2812f17dc6aec1b4f76cd1942ecd3057+'<\/a>'; If you are unable to email or are not comfortable doing so, you can send a money order to Sault Tribe Enrollment, PO Box 1628, Sault Ste. This database is also used to generate mailing lists and labels as well as reports for other Tribal programs including the Tribal Newsletter. Other conditions such as tribal blood quantum, tribal residency, or continued contact with the tribe are common. See NILL catalog record or purchase a copy. In regard to the election process, our office registers voters for GTB elections. In 2013, White Earth citizens voted to change tribal enrollment from blood quantum to lineal descent. White Earth Nation The [tribal executive committee] just wants to see how MCT membership are thinking about enrollment. Native American Tribal Membership. addyc3d777ed611ba53f28c63081718ae5cf = addyc3d777ed611ba53f28c63081718ae5cf + 'saulttribe' + '.' + 'net'; Acceptable forms of payment are: Visa, Mastercard, Discover or Money Orders. American Indian Tribal Law by Matthew L.M. and constitutions. Minnesota Chippewa Tribe. The Tribal Council meet once a month in an Open Public Meeting (OPM), with all other open-to-the-public meetings held at the Tribal Headquarters. The Tribal Leaders Directory that is published by the Bureau of Indian Affairs lists all 574 federally recognized American Indian Tribes and Alaska Natives. It is the BIAs responsibility to provide services to the Turtle Mountain Tribe and its members. Healthcare consumers live in an on-demand world and expect access to their healthcare data. Thats why were asking you to make a donation this month to help support our efforts. Three years ago, I initiated a Tribal Legal Development Clinic at UCLA, whose purpose has been to assist Indian nations in building their legal infrastructures. Tribal Enrollment processes enrollment appeals for members of Tribes that have adverse enrollment actions by Bureau officials. On June 22, 2021, the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe Tribal Executive Committee (MCT TEC) held a special meeting on the Bois Forte Reservation to discuss enrollment issues, specifically, blood quantum requirements for enrollment as defined in the current constitution. addy2812f17dc6aec1b4f76cd1942ecd3057 = addy2812f17dc6aec1b4f76cd1942ecd3057 + 'saulttribe' + '.' + 'net'; Its a group that has included her children and grandchildren. Native America Calling. The Minnesota Chippewa Tribe was created on June 18, 1934 and is the organized government for six Chippewa, or Ojibwe, bands in the state of Minnesota. The new proposals - there are two of them that would be voted on - would change that requirement to either allow all Chippewa blood in the United States to count into the equation or to allow all . a brief description of the tribal enrollment process. PDF CHIPPEWA CREE TRIBE OF ROCKY BOY'S INDIAN RESERVATION - Stone Child 1413 Fairbanks, Dorla Ext. MN Chippewa Tribe Begins Lengthy Process to Change Blood Quantum Requirements. Many are available online in full-text while others are available by request from the library. Minnesota Chippewa Tribe Votes to Remove Blood Quantum from Enrollment Contact. 6. The MCT and its governmental powers are divided between the tribe, and the individual bands, which directly operate their reservations. Minnesota Chippewa Tribe Citizenship criteria of the MCT began when the first constitution was approved in 1936, with lineal descent considered the criteria to become recognized as a member of the MCT. 0 Stewarding Conservation and Powering Our Future, Toggle Dyslexia-friendly black-on-creme color scheme, Bureau of Safety & Environmental Enforcement, Office of Surface Mining Reclamation & Enforcement, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Insular & International Affairs, Office of the Special Trustee for American Indians. Your email address will not be published. Visit the NILL Tribal Law Gateway to review our collection of tribal codes The Membership Office offers services to applicants seeking to become members of the Grand Traverse Band. In addition, The Minnesota Chippewa Tribe Tribal Executive Committee approved the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe Enrollment Ordinance on July 30, 2003, which clarifies the requirements for enrollment, provides further direction on the application process, and describes how to file an enrollment appeal. In 1961, MCTs enrollment criteria was changed to require one-quarter degree of MCT blood as the new criteria for enrollment. document.getElementById('cloak2812f17dc6aec1b4f76cd1942ecd3057').innerHTML = ''; FOR OFFICE USE ONLY Enrollment does not accept hospital birth records. Designing Citizenship Requirements for Indian Nations. Chapter 4 covers Tribal Membership, including membership criteria, judicial review of membership determinations, disenrollment, and federal government intervention. Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians - LDF Tribe Best Practices for Defending Tribal Membership Cases: Leading Lawyers on Navigating Tribal Membership Enrollment Issues (Thomson Reuters, 2013. Applicants that are over 18 and under the age of 21 must fill out the enrollment application. He has contributed to the New York Times, the Washington Post, and Voice of America on various Indigenous issues in international conversation. The BIA provides services to approximately 30,100 enrolled Tribal members. Being enrolled in a tribe is also about protecting land and resources, not to take them, and there are people who are looking to be enrolled to exploit those resources.. Two common requirements for membership are lineal decendency from someone named on the tribe's base roll or relationship to a tribal member who descended from someone named on the base roll. Audio. A legal practitioner's guide to Indian and tribal law research. Among the agenda items was a resolution drafted by MCT legal counsel pertaining to the ballot question for the referendum, which was presented as such to those in attendance: Therefore be it resolved, that MCT TEC does hereby authorize a referendum to be conducted on the following question: Should Article II of the Revised Constitution and Bylaws of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe be amended through a Secretarial Election to remove the current membership requirements, including the one quarter blood degree requirement, and replace such membership requirements with authorization to the individual Bands to establish Band specific membership requirements through Resolution or Ordinance. Officials say 65% of voters on an advisory referendum say the blood quantum requirement should be removed from membership in the six-reservation tribe. 2605 N. West Bay Shore Dr. Peshawbestown, MI 49682. Leech Lake Tribal Chairman Faron Jackson Sr. said this vote was a huge step forward for the TEC and looks forward to what it could mean for the Leech Lake Band. Tribal Government | Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians In order to find out what requirements Up to date addresses sought. To enroll a minor child, at least one biological parent must be enrolled with the Sault Ste. The department was formed to document membership so the tribe could petition the United States government for federal recognition. Marie. This book may also be available through your local law library. Request for Blood Degree Form. To change your mailing address, please email the following information to Stacey Synett at This email address is being protected from spambots. Under the proposal supported by Leech Lake, the enrollment criteria defined in Article II of the current MCT Constitution would be changed to allow the six sovereign Bands to individually determine tribal membership of their respective Band. Tribal Membership Area - Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan Homepage The BIAs objective is to develop solutions to complex problems, by integrating new and innovative ideas and concepts with existing BIA policy and procedures. Tribal Enrollment Ordinance; Resolution No. #7?u^cri>^wV (;BgXyGp7@ O8Ag|a# &"6oVck^W17d'PZ pLm[:aNkDty,yk&1Y+4F!.$15wU~4ebi}==pAJ\B$ [U7>&L4A$SUs|\~n61Jl}nrGTHq)QPwgSbr875G+[34b%Aa^L{rICYFQ^XA% #uAc>.,ttaxXeBd?x8HtAB]+p[4>I)!9kL( MtcLb0.\HeZ_s4QF'&:'w(J>@!FgQz24, &(n_RaLAz7Z y[=ZKknFfF(JNj};~O=s_;6~m,Rp5fb.3o9vB-Wd1_wGF`_d o =#A__ . Should the referendum pass, MCT members would then vote again in a future Secretarial Election on the actual language of the amendment to the MCT Constitution. About 4,200 citizens voted yes for the six individual membership tribes (Bands) to determine their own membership requirements determined by each Band Ordinance, while nearly 3,000 voted no.. 5. Sorry, no personal checks. In addition, enrollment or membership requirements often can be found in Search for "enrollment" or "membership" to find sections on those topics. However, a referendum is the first step that will guide the TECs decision about whether to request a Secretarial Election about changing the constitution (by an amendment). Since enrollment was changed to blood quantum, the number of enrolled members has steadily declined. var addydadcec9abd0b7d32db6c51b58361effa = 'csayles1' + '@'; 07-25.1843 Amend to Enroll Ord. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. hb```"ef]~130p(@@( PI-]>[$XH0ImEJn2u You need JavaScript enabled to view it. g. Enrollment Director: the term "Enrollment Director" or "Director" shall mean the Director of the Enrollment Department of the Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan. MINNESOTA-On Wednesday, 7,470 enrolled citizens of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe (MCT) voted in a non-binding referendum on whether to remove or keep the blood quantum requirement to be enrolled in the tribe, and whether the six member tribes of the MCT can determine their own membership requirements individually. Myth of a monthly check, see page 2 of Law review articles on tribal enrollment are . Enrollment Procedures and Recourse The tribes establish membership criteria based on shared customs, traditions, language and tribal blood. About 15% of the tribes roughly 39,000 citizens are under age 18. The Minnesota Chippewa Tribe (MCT) consists of the Bois Forte, Fond Du Lac, Grand Portage, Leech Lake, Mille Lacs, and White Earth reservations. Guide to Tracing Your American Indian Ancestry (Bureau of Indian Affairs).
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