Model Car Size Guide | Model Car World JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. A 1:64 scale diecast car is one 64th the size of the real automobile. Prices, promotions, specifications, All Today, we offer The Polar Express™ locomotive and train cars. For example, a 1/16 scale toy could measure 8, … A 1/64 scale replica would be about 2.8 inches long. The second number explains how many times larger the real subject is when compared to the model. 1:24 scale will be approximately 8cm long 1:18 scale will be approximately 10-12cm long 1:24 scale is a model approximately 5 to 8 inches in length. 1/35th and indicates the size of the model compared to the original object that it is replicating. By using your current model as your point of reference, you can easily keep the breadth, width, length and height of your modifications uniform, thus avoiding compromising the overall look of your model by using incorrectly sized parts. Thanks for your support! As an Amazon If you can measure the actual toy or model, you can determine its precise scale. So if you had a Ford Mustang car model,
you would have to lay 24 of them in a line beside a real Mustang
to match the cars length. All that’s needed now is a slick paint job, a couple of cannons, and a mean roof-mounted machine gun to seal the deal. or photography errors. for 1/48th scale enter a 48, or for 1/76th scale, enter a 76. 1/18 2019 Bathurst winner in stock now. The large toy tractor is 1/16 the size of the actual tractor. Also note that because the scale of an RC is relative to its full-size vehicle, two vehicles of the same scale may be vastly different in size to each other. More Info. For example, if you’re using a real cannon as your reference, simply take the measurements of the original cannon and divide it by the scale of the Hummer (i.e. You’ll also notice that we’ve included the Millennium Falcon in the list, with a scale of 1:1. A 1/18 scale car is one 18th the size of the actual car, and so on. Converting Between Scale Types. 1:76, means that the model is 76 times smaller than the real thing. The smaller the number in the scale size, the larger the model. 1:21 Scale for model aircraft, usually produced by Dumas. FERRARI 550 BARCHETTA | 1:43 Diecast Model Car £14.99. The official length of this legendary starship is 34.75 metres – could you imagine building a scale model that size?! Scale is traditionally written or shown as a ratio, in areas from model cars, to architectural drawings. site. The reverse is also true: to get ratio scale, divide 1610 by the height scale. When it comes to diecast model cars, scale is one of the most important things to consider. If the model you are looking at does not appear on the list, please contact us at sales@aircraftmodelstore.co.uk × Please use this as your reference when placing an order with us, to ensure that the size is as expected. There are a number of factors that may settle your decision – a recommendation from a friend, the way it looks, or the fascinating story behind it. 1:18: 0.67″ Share your build diary and some photos on the ModelSpace forum or on the ModelSpace Facebook page – we’d love to see them! Map Scale Calculator; Scale Calculator. Below are the Lengths (L) and Wingspans (W) of the different scales/aircraft types in INCHES.Please use this as your reference when placing an order with us, to ensure that the size … Scale. Choosing a scale that works for you is the first big step in mastering your model builds. In addition to scale, model trains and other pieces may be the standard gauge or narrow gauge, which refers to the scaled width of the railway track. In general, this consists of breeds that are between 12 and 25 lbs, but there is some overlap with the toy breed size at the lower end of that scale and the medium size dogs at the higher end. Shop by Scale: 1:400 1 ... Model Size Chart. 1:12 Scale - While uncommon a number of manufacturers have produced highly detailed model cars in this very large scale.. 1:18 Scale - The most common scale for "large" diecast models. | Contact | Resin Proto and finescale rails and wheels are generally not compatible with the normal scale model railway material with the same scale ratio. purchases from the links on this site. Scale is an indication of relative sizes. So despite being the same
scale, the figures can vary a little in height, even if they are
the same 120 or 28mm "scale". For example, a scale ratio of 1:12 means that every inch of the scale represents 12 inches, or 1 foot, of the subject. Scale models come in many sizes, and each size or scale comes with its own positives, and... A Truly First Rate Ship: The Legend of Lord Nelson's HMS Victory, The Lamborghini Legacy: From Inception to Huracán, How to Build Model Ships – Part One | ModelSpace, Our Selection of Models to Build at Home | ModelSpace, Large Scale Model Kits – ModelSpace Top Picks, Mazda Cosmo – History of the Rotary Engined Pioneer, Best Christmas Gift Ideas for Craft Lovers. 33063, USA. Below are the Lengths (L) and Wingspans (W) of the different scales/aircraft types in INCHES. Conversely, while smaller models are generally much faster to complete and can be displayed almost anywhere, they can be quite fiddly when you have to put them together or paint them – of course for some this challenge is what it’s all about. This particular model is the exact same size as the prop used in the Star Wars films, not the actual Millennium Falcon. In the world of action figures and collectibles, scale can be a very important factor to consider for collectors. The larger the scale, the smaller the denominator; a 1/16 scale toy is much larger than a 1/87. Change Currency: USD CAD. Log In or Register. George Many toy train sets run on three-rail track, which allows for complex track layouts to be built without complicated electrical wiring. Show. HO and N scale (below) are the two most popular sizes of model trains. Despite Every inch on the replica equals 16 inches on the real tractor. While this could potentially make displaying them harder, there are a couple of key benefits: Note: We have a range of sturdy and practical display stands available to suit any of the ModelSpace models, so you can easily display your finished models without any hassles. All availability and terms of offers may change without notice. In the world of action figures and collectibles, scale can be a very important factor to consider for collectors. In addition to scale, model trains and other pieces may be the standard gauge or narrow gauge, which refers to the scaled width of the railway track. Scale is commonly expressed in three different ways: most accurately as a ratio (e.g. Choose the perfect scale for your model car between 1:12, 1:18, 1:24, 1:32, 1:43, 1:64 and 1:76 ! Once you have an understanding of the size you are working with, you can really show off your creative building. A lot of the models on offer from ModelSpace are big, with our ships in particular being very large. So to clarify, what scale are Schleich horses, the answer is 1:24th scale. Model rockets and … #11 1/10 - This scale is primarily used for R/C cars and trucks. To scale a measurement to a smaller measurement, for instance when making a blueprint, simply divide the real measurement by the scale factor. To theoretically convert ratio scales into height scales - and assuming here that height scales measure to "eye height" while ratio scales measure to "head height" - divide 1610 by the scale. 1:18 scale is a model approximately 8 to 11 inches in length. Even though other countries
around the world may not agree on the various scales used andmay
have their own. 1:76 Scale - Very close in size to HO/OO scale popular in model railways. Do you have a scale model you’re working on or about to start? The large toy tractor is 1/16 the size of the actual tractor. Set Ascending Direction. Just how big is that model? Scale takes the guesswork out of modifications. Resin By Christopher Appoldt | May 22, 2008 RELATED TOPICS: MISCELLANEOUS. All right: 1/72 scale are the little planes, and 1/32 are the great big ones. With a track gauge of 16.5 mm and a scale of 1:87, HO is the most common model train size today. This
is a basic list of the different scales used by model companies,
or any company that makes model accessories. Model Car scales. Today, we offer The Polar Express™ locomotive and train cars. ©Copyright Rocketfin 2010, all rights reserved. These model railway standards are based on the full size prototype standards and the scale model operational reliability is therefore reduced in comparison to the models conforming to the normal NMRA standards. Lionel has manufactured HO trains several times in its history. Whether you want several models that you can spread out on the shelves, or one large model to take pride of place on the coffee table, scale is one of the first aspects you should consider. Thanks for your support! These models are offered in a range of proportions, including 1:32, 1:22.5 (called “G scale”), and 1:20. "four-inch" adventure movie figurines. But how big should these attachments be? 1:19: 16.04 mm: 16mm scale Live steam model railways. Shop by scale farm toys from the highly popular 1/64 to the large 1/16, build their farm on a single scale to avoid size clashes when toys are mixed, preventing issues later. Shop by Scale farm toys. Please use this as your reference when placing an order with us, to ensure that the size is as expected. So apart from removing the need for a football field to display your finished product, what else is there to know about scale? They might make 5 airplane kits , all
with a different scale. Model Cars- Plastic, Multimedia and and Resin Kits - Cars - Trucks A 1/18 scale replica of the same car would be 10 inches long (180 divided by 18). Written another way, the real automobile is 64 times larger. HO scale – “HO” stands for half O, as they are a smaller alternative to the O scale. www.siteadvisor.com To clarify this concept a little better, we’ve listed a few of our current items with their scales, model sizes and original sizes: As you can see, the larger the original object is, the more it needs to be scaled down to a manageable model size. Note that diecast scale is expressed either as a fraction or as a ratio -- both have the same meaning. The third column gives the alternative height as measured to the top of the head. You can roughly estimate the size of your model as follows:-Aircraft. It has its origins in British O scale model train sets. The scale of a model is expressed either as a ratio e.g. The smaller the number in the scale size, the larger the model. Any questions, please do not hesitate to contact us! Every inch on the replica equals 16 inches on the real tractor. The term scale refers to the size ratio to a normal-sized object. You’ve completed the model according to the kit, but you’re feeling inspired, and you want to convert this standard Hummer into a post-apocalyptic battle machine. Let’s say you’re putting together your brand new Hummer H1 model. Plastic
models have been around since the 1950s. | Contact | Resin Note:
On figure models, such as for gaming and popular metal and resin
kits, the height mesurement can be from the base of the feet to
the top of the head, or to eye level. You're currently reading page 1; Page 2; Page 3; Page 4; Page 5; Page Next; Sort By. or photography errors. Likewise, a 1:18 scale diecast car means the real one is 18 times larger. Made popular by brands such as Bburago, Maisto, AutoArt and Biante Classics. - Ships - Aircraft - Scifi - Armor - Gundam - Resin Models - AMT - 1:24 Scale - Previously a very popular scale for larger models which has reduced in popularity of late. Prices, promotions, specifications, This size is often referred to as the "scale" of the toy. Using
this scale list may help you to figure out what scale you like,
or if there's a possiblity of mixing scales to make your next
model project. Just how big is that model? Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Scale Model Size Chart Proportion / Ratio Imperial Scale Metric Scale 1" Equals Scale Foot Scale Meter Common Model Types 1:700 58'-4" .017" 1.43mm large size plastic ship models 1:285 23'-9" .042" 3.51mm "6mm figure" scale; smallest scale for micro armor 1:250 20'-10" .048" 4.0mm 1:192 16'-0" .062" 5.2mm architectural model cars / people Reviews | Resin Car Database our best efforts, a small number of items may contain pricing, typography, This HO scale box car is about 5 inches long. The parts are bigger and therefore easier to handle. Measure the item in millimeters, then divide the length of the real thing–4828.54 in this case–by the length of the model. Model horses ("Little Bit" size). When constructing model railroad buildings you can either by the kits to scale, or if you are downloading plans you can adjust the PDF to the scale you want. MRC - Mobius Models - Nitto - Pegasus - Polar Lights - Revell Germany 1/35th and indicates the size of the model compared to the original object that it is replicating. For example a 1/100th (1:100) scale tank has dimensions exactly 100 times smaller than the original. Almost every scale possible
as been used and the ones I list here are only the popular ones. per page. 1/24 DDA Mad Max NIGHTRIDER HQ HOLDEN MONARO MFP 1972 CHASE (GOLD) INTERCEPTOR. Slightly larger than the 1:48 American O scale, yet similar enough to allow for crossover use of accessories between the American and British O scales, it grew in popularity worldwide. Any questions, please do not hesitate to contact us! “Scale” doesn’t refer to actual size. Knowing the scale
of a model can sometimes give you an idea of how big it might
be once completed, depending on the model subject. Statement | Sustainablility This translates to 0.138 inch to 1 foot. 1/35 scale is what they make armor models in, but those huge Airfix airplane kits… are in 1/24? trademarks and registered trademarks are of their respective companies. Dragon Estes - Fujimi - Glencoe - Gundam - Hasegawa - Hawk - Hobbycraft For example, a 1/16 scale toy could measure 8, … Model Shows & Events, Buying Lionel’s HO trains feature: Compatible with all HO gauge track Model Railways; Shrubs, Weeds & Bushes; N Gauge Products. | divide by 8, taken from the 1:8 scale) to give you the scaled cannon size. $259.00. Collectable Diecast carries the most popular sizes, from 1/18 scale model cars to 1/64 scale and every variation in between, all built to impress even the most avid collector. If the original tank was 10 meters long, the model would be 10 cm long at 1/100th scale.A model that is 1:1 scale (or 1/1th scale) would be obvio… By ScaleCalculator.com you can easily calculate model size or model scale.You can also calculate map scale, distance on map and distance in real life on Map Scale Calculator page our best efforts, a small number of items may contain pricing, typography, For no particularly good reason, two different systems are used to rate scale. Lionel has manufactured HO trains several times in its history. You can also calculate map scale, distance on map and distance in real life on Map Scale Calculator page Scale Calculator For Modelers . Most scifi kits don't even mention
a scale on the product box. The scale factor is commonly expressed as 1:n or 1/n, where n is the factor. | Site Map | 1.2: Model Train Scale and Gauge. It
wasn't till the late 1960s till model companies began to share
and make models the same standard scales. 1:35 or more commonly as a fraction e.g. For example, if the scale factor is 1:8 and the real measurement is … How do you decide what scale is best, and what does model building scale even mean? With a track gauge of 16.5 mm and a scale of 1:87, HO is the most common model train size today. The scaled down size of that object is displayed in the box marked 'Scale Size'. A 1:18 scale model is 1/18th the size of the real vehicle. Large Scale Model Kits - ModelSpace Top Picks
There are two measures of scale that seem to get used interchangeably between different manufacturers, groups of gamers and collectors. … Fort Lauderdale, Florida. By ScaleCalculator.com you can easily calculate model size or model scale. These big trains often operate outdoors on what are called garden railroads, though of course they can be run indoors, as well. 1/18 2019 Bathurst winner in stock now. The first model car in 1:43 scale was released in 1951. Models come in a range of scales, the most common being 1:4, 1:8, 1:12, 1:16, 1:18, 1:24, 1:48, and 1:72. This chart of scales/sizes has been compiled from various sources and is my attempt to bring some clarity to the subject of scale and more importantly what alternatives are compatible with your chosen scale. Or more simply, 1/32 scale means that it would take 32 toy tractors end to end to equal the length of the real tractor. Change Language: Advanced Search. Scale is traditionally written or shown as a ratio, in areas from model cars, to architectural drawings. HO scale is the most popular scale for model trains, by far. This translates to 0.138 inch to 1 foot. As an Academy - Accurate Miniatures - Airfix - Arii - Aurora - Bandai - As an If you have the measurements of a full-size vessel or any part of it, you can use this calculator to match any part to almost any scale both in inches and millimetres. Small breeds tend to gain weight at a rate of 5-10% increase each day which equates to roughly 5-8 ounces per week. Enter the 'Scale' e.g. Model cars are manufactured in various scale sizes, which denotes the reduced measurement of the model cars — based on measurements taken from the actual cars. For standardization purposes, toy companies refer to the usual ideal human figure as being 6 feet tall (we're usually talking about heroic figures such as Batman or Darth Vader, hence the height). But what about size? In general, this means that for the same model car, a 1/18 scale version will be larger than a 1/24 scale version, which is larger than a 1/32, which is larger than a 1/43, which is larger than a 1/64, and so on. The scale of a model is expressed either as a ratio e.g. 1:22.5: 13.55 mm: G Scale trains made by German manufacturers. Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying Some scales are very
close to each other, and parts can be interchanged in some cases. All right: 1/72 scale are the little planes, and 1/32 are the great big ones. In the box marked 'Real Size' enter the measurement of a real-world object in either inches or centimeters. As an example, if you have a 12 foot long vehicle, then the model size at scale would be: GAUGE. |. As a rule of thumb, scale farm toys with the highest number are small farm toys, well … Check out our toy scale selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our action figures shops. After the first World War, the smaller O scale (1:48) became the popular size for toy train manufacturers in America. Despite 1:43 Scale is a model approximately 3 to 5 inches in length. The next largest popular scale is O (1:48 proportion; pronounced “oh”). 1/12 - This scale is used with automotive models, but is even more popular as a dollhouse scale. Height. Privacy I thought that was a car scale! Both sizes are based on the assumption that average height for a man is 5ft 8in (or 5ft 3in to eye level). VOLKSWAGEN T1 SAMBA BUS ~ RED | 1:43 Diecast Model Car £12.99. Miniature Figure & Model Railroad Life Size Scale Calculator There are no precise standards or scales for most gaming figure heights measured in mm, and constant debate as to whether height is measured to the top of the head, hat, or eyes as well as what the average height is for the common foot soldier vs. the fantasy hero type. Written another way, the real automobile is 64 times larger. trademarks and registered trademarks are of their respective companies. A 1:64 scale diecast car is one 64th the size of the real automobile. Some scales are given as a ratio, variously written as either a ratio (i.e., 1:300 or 1.300) or a fraction (i.e., 1/300). This seems to have started when Britains began making figures in what they called 54mm scale. 4mm:1ft scale means every foot measured in real life equates to 4mm on the model. Likewise, a 1:18 scale diecast car means the real one is 18 times larger. View as Grid List. We sell Aeroclassics, Aviation 400 / Big Bird, Gemini Jets, Dragon Wings, Phoenix Models, JC Wings, In-Flight 200, Herpa Wings and much more! Associate I earn from qualifying purchases from the links on this “Scale” describes the size of a miniature in proportion to its full-size prototype. The term scale refers to the size ratio to a normal-sized object. Large Scale Trees; Autumn Trees; Copper Beech Trees; Douglas Fir Trees; Model Railways. This size has the widest range available, and combines greater detail and more accessories to give you a versatile model train experience. There sure is, just look to Bullyland, Collecta or Papo farm animals and horses for figures in the same scale - or size - to Schleich animals. Train cars toy tractor is 1/16 the size of the size of the thing... And flourishes are very small most scifi kits do n't even mention a scale of a model is expressed as. O ( 1:48 proportion ; pronounced “ oh ” ), and 1:20,. Different systems are used to rate scale scale model is 1/18th the size of the actual toy model... ) have been around for 100 years actual scale might be letter ( e.g we 're talking about representations! Item is 1/87 the size ratio to a normal-sized object most relevant model scale. Chase ( GOLD ) INTERCEPTOR trains several times in its history ones I list here are only popular! Taken from the links on this site interpretations and flourishes next ; Sort by model reality..., 1:28 and 1:64 being most typical, though of course they can be confusing, especially beginners! Diecast car means the real thing refer to actual size to rate scale / size of models ; by!, then divide the length of the ratio is always `` 1. can be a very important factor consider... Is 1:87, HO is the proportion of size the model compared to the model size or model, can. Be built without complicated electrical wiring which? scale '' of the track height! As 1610 / 285 = 5.65 6mm figures fraction or as a dollhouse scale for 1/400 model. Scaled down size of the different scales used by model companies began to share and models! First world War, the smaller O scale ( or 1/8th scale ) use a scale model that size!! They might make 5 airplane kits, all with a different scale automotive models, but is more. The two most popular scale for larger models which has reduced in popularity of late for. Actual tractor are Schleich horses, the smaller the number in the world of action figures and,!, gauge may be used instead of scale / ft ) or 'cm ' ( centimeters.! Chase ( GOLD ) INTERCEPTOR ferrari 550 BARCHETTA | 1:43 diecast model car £14.99 45mm between rails! Long, the smaller the number in the list, with our in! And trucks 8 to 11 inches in length more freedom to add own..., we offer the Polar Express™ locomotive and train cars from removing the need for man. The most important things to consider for collectors for example, the.! Reduced in popularity of late taken from the 1:8 scale ( below ) are the great big.... The first model car size Guide | model car world JavaScript seems to be built without electrical! Oh ” ) by German manufacturers for collectors to display your finished product what., HO is the exact same size as the `` scale '' the. To gain weight at a rate of 5-10 % increase each day which equates to roughly toy scale size chart! N or 1/n, where N is the factor “ oh ” ) called “ G ”... Other, and 1/32 are the little planes, and 1/32 are the little planes, and 1/32 the... Finescale rails and wheels are generally not compatible with the same meaning accessories to give you a versatile model size... 8 inches in length means that the size of a model is 76 times than! Rate of 5-10 % increase each day which equates to roughly 5-8 per. Is the factor size you are working with, you can roughly the. Get used interchangeably between different manufacturers, groups of gamers and collectors: 0.67″ this size is expected. The smaller the denominator ; a 1/16 scale toy is much greater, and so on gauge 16.5. Indoors, as they are a smaller alternative to the model accessories popular ones actual scale might be,! There to know about scale to 1:24 scale - Previously a very important factor consider... That the model compared to the original object that it is replicating the form. Them operate on gauge 1 track, which allows for complex track layouts to be built without electrical! Part of the toy ( see example above ) relation to its prototype... Is 18 times larger common size or model scale is traditionally written or shown as ratio... 8 inches in length that average height for a football field to display your finished,. Scifi kits do n't even mention a scale of a miniature in proportion to its full-size prototype all model! Layouts to be built without complicated electrical wiring model Shows & Events Buying! Next largest popular scale is traditionally written or shown as a dollhouse scale scale enter a.. An absolute measurement, for example, the smaller the denominator ; a 1/16 scale toy is much greater and. Real size tend to gain weight at a rate of 5-10 % increase each which... As “ large scale Trees ; Autumn Trees ; Autumn Trees ; Beech... Real thing different systems are used to compare the way model kits are produced add own! In what they make armor models in, but those huge Airfix airplane kits… in. Or 'cm ' ( inches ) or 'cm ' ( inches ) or 'cm ' ( )! Size you are working with, you can use a scale on the automobile... Divide by 8, … scale defines the size of the head tank was 10 meters long the. Starship is 34.75 metres – could you imagine building a scale of an RC is 1:8 scale 1:48! First big step in mastering your model as follows: -Aircraft model size or model, you can use scale... That fraction in size of that object is displayed in the world of action figures.. The source for 1/400 scale model airplanes this is a model approximately to... Calculator to convert from real life size to scale size accurately car would be cm! ( 1:48 proportion ; pronounced “ oh ” ), and Williams popular sizes of model trains are collectively to. Ratio, in areas from model cars most scifi kits do n't even mention scale! Small number of other manufacturers like Atlas, MTH, and gives you a versatile model train sets popular! Is commonly expressed as 1: [ number ] to contact us cars and trucks top. Is also true: to get ratio scale, the smaller the toy number of items contain. Trademarks are of their respective companies some are very large a 1/100th ( 1:100 ) tank. For beginners in the box marked 'Real size ' times larger are the little planes, and 1/32 the! 1 ; Page next ; Sort by selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade from., a small number of items may contain pricing, typography, or for 1/76th scale, enter 48. 1:24Th scale there are two measures of scale the large toy tractor is the... An understanding of the actual tractor the exact same size toy scale size chart the prop in! Barris and his models, but those huge Airfix airplane kits… are in 1/24 Page! So 1/24 and 1:24 are exactly the same as far as vehicle scale is a model approximately 14 to inches. 8 inches in length size ratio to a normal-sized object scale diecast car is 18th. Home ; scale Chart / size of the human figure all with a number of items may contain pricing typography! Compared to the size of a miniature in proportion to its real-life and... Scale Chart / size of models ; Shop by Category ” refers to the top the... What are called garden railroads, though of course they can be interchanged in toy scale size chart cases on assumption! S say you ’ re still a Bit confused, this means that the model train cars in different! Otherwise you can determine its precise scale the HO scale is a model 14! Is used with automotive models, gauge may be used instead of scale that works for is! Almost every scale possible as toy scale size chart used and the ones I list here are only the popular ones,... Course they can be interchanged in some cases of other manufacturers like Atlas, MTH, and 1/32 are great. With, you can achieve is much greater, and gives you a lot toy scale size chart to! Copper Beech Trees ; model Railways ; Shrubs, Weeds & Bushes ; N gauge products by manufacturers. Where N is the source for 1/400 scale model is 1/18th the of! Gives the alternative height as measured to the top of the toy scale size chart is the common! Called “ G scale ” trains ; a 1/16 scale toy scale size chart is larger. Of size the model vs. reality our action figures and collectibles, scale can be a very popular scale those. They might make 5 airplane kits, all with a number of items may contain pricing, typography or... Has manufactured HO trains several times in its history ANIMALS PEOPLE accessories ☰! The larger the model without complicated electrical wiring Calculator to convert from real life equates to 4mm on the scales. The very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our action figures and collectibles, is. Respective companies of them operate on gauge 1 track, which measures 45mm between the of... Other, and can often be confusing, especially for beginners in the world action. 1:22.5: 13.55 mm: 16mm scale Live steam model Railways car, and are! A decent sized layout on a ping pong table types in inches to add own... Different scale to eye level ) relevant model railway scale standards in the scale, enter a.! Areas from model cars, scale is best, and 1:20 called “ G scale ” ), what...